The s Theory Of Evolution - 930 Words

Advertisements vary on their intentional purpose, ranging from the persuasion of you to purchase their product to informing and educating, rather than sell a product or service. One of the most advertised products is beer, and the producers use many different styles of advertising to persuade consumers that theirs is the optimum, in hopes that it encourages you to postulate the need to purchase their beer. For example, a Guinness beer television commercial, which made its debut on UK terrestrial TV on October 3rd, 2005, somewhat re-invents the theory of evolution into what they call the Guinness theory. The Guinness theory is that man’s ascent from the slime has been leading him inevitably towards the enjoyment of a pint of their estimable product, as stated on www.newsletter.framestore.com. It is in my interpretation that the creators of the ad were using the logos appeal, in the sense that they were using the theory of evolution to present to the consumers that once the evol ution reaches present time that humans have waited the 500,000,000 years of evolution to drink a Guinness beer. In this particular advertisement, the ad is selling an object rather than an idea. As mentioned above, Guinness adds to the theory of evolution by ending it on humans in the present-day time of the evolution at a semi-formal bar in New York City drinking a Guinness beer, and stating â€Å"Good Things Come to Those Who Wait.† It can be concurred that the advertisers are inferring that afterShow MoreRelatedThe s Theory Of Evolution1304 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is Evolutionism? According to the website All About Science: Darwin s Theory of Evolution is the widely held notion that all life is related and has descended from a common ancestor: the birds and the bananas, the fishes and the flowers -- all related. Darwin s general theory presumes the development of life from non-life and stresses a purely naturalistic (undirected) descent with modification. That is, complex creatures evolve from more simplistic ancestors naturallyRead MoreThe s Theory Of Evolution2321 Words   |  10 Pagessociety and individuality arose, bringing up theories from past figures such as Charles Darwin and his arguments on the real ancestors of humans, Immanuel Kant on enlightenment, and Jean-Paul Sartre on existentialism. With the rise of modernism and various forms of reform, the public came to question the religious truth of the Bible and looked to philosophers for answers, re-evaluating the meaning of mankind and the individuality of each person. These theories have revolutionized the modern concepts o fRead MoreDarwin s Theory On Evolution1018 Words   |  5 PagesDarwin’s theory on Evolution Evolution is the belief that all living forms including humans came from ancient ancestors. Evolution is what makes life possible. It allows organisms to adapt to the environment as it changes. In Biology, theory of evolution does not tell us how life began on earth, but it helps us understand how life came into existence, diversified in many forms on earth, and fossil records. Scientists have many theories on evolution. One of the theories suggests all the healthyRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution1115 Words   |  5 Pages There are many theories as to what scientist believe is the forth coming of evolution or what they deem to be the reasoning behind its development. However, Charles Darwin would change the theories of evolution and would go down in history as one of the greatest influential figures in human existence. Although some scientist disagree with Darwin’s Theory, Darwin is the only person who was able to provide sufficient evidence to prove his theory of evolution. The one question that remains, Can GodRead MoreThe s Theory Of Evolution2061 Words   |  9 Pagesfirst battle in a never ending war. Today, America exercises freedom of religion. However, this freedom is restricted in schools where Darwin’s Theory of Evolution is taught. With many advancements in science, to many, the coexistence of science and religion, specifically Christianity, is questionable. To some, developments in science, such as evolution, threaten the core beliefs of religious institutions. Severa l scientists also believe that it is possible to believe in God and that humans evolvedRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution859 Words   |  4 PagesAnother issue is that Darwin’s theory has many holes the scientists are unable to fill. These holes are obvious in Dwain’s theory of evolution. Craig Belanger works for EBSCO Publishing he stated in his Biography of Charles Darwin, which was found on the TRC database under Book Collection Nonfiction: High School Edition Belanger said that, Although there are many facets to Darwin s theory of evolution by natural selection, at its core is the idea that a species ability to evolve is based on itsRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution1620 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst presented his theory of evolution by natural selection through his book called ‘On the Origin of Species’. The book was released in 1859 and it explained the process of how organisms changed over time through the result of changes in heritable physical or behavioural traits. These changes allow an organism to adapt to the environment that it inhabits so that the organism’s chances of survival improve and produce more offspring (Than, 2015). However, biological evolution does not simply meanRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution Essay918 Words   |  4 PagesDarwin wrote The Origin Of Species, there was controversy over his theory of evolution natural selection. Darwin’s theory was debated between Thomas Huxley and Samuel Wilberforce at the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1860. Wilberforce was against the idea that all living things descended from a common ancestor. He was highly critical of Darwin’s research, often arguing in his review that many points in Darwin’s theory did not have enough support to be valid. â€Æ' Debate of DarwinRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution1339 Words   |  6 PagesCountless scientists spent their lives working on a succinct theory of evolution, but none found as great of popularity and success as Charles Darwin. Using his concept of Natural Selection, Darwin managed to explain evolution in not just the organic world, but also in humans. The fact that Darwin’s theory transfers so easily to human society is no coincidence. After Darwin’s Beagle voyage, he returned to England during the Industrial Revolution. As a man of wealth, Darwin acted as a first-hand witnessRead MoreDarwin s Theory Of Evolution1483 Words   |  6 PagesDarwin’s theory of evolution states that â€Å"by natural selection, organisms that possess heritable traits that enable them to better adapt to their environment, compared with other members of their species will be more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass more of their genes on to the next generation†. The groupi ng of organisms in the classification table is not just the result of similarities, colours, ecological functions, etc, it also covers and expresses information about our understanding of

Corporate Finance Benefit Plan

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Finance Benefit Plan. Answer: In last few decades, the importance of superannuation and investment for old age has been increased in Australia. The Australian government is also emphasizing giving on this matter. The government has made it mandatory to contribute the minimum amount to comply with the retirement funds or superannuation on behalf of the employees by their respective employers. Owing to this compulsory contribution towards the superannuation fund, huge amount of money is flowing into the fund and the funds role in turn is to invest the amount profitably and generate sufficient income for the employees at the retirement age (Unisuper.com.au 2017). One of the largest superannuation fund in the tertiary sector of Australia is Unisuper Limited, that includes TAFE colleges, Universities and institutions of higher educations. Unisuper offers two types of plans for superannuation: Defined benefit plan Investment choice plan Defined benefit plan: Defined benefit plan is the plan for retirement for the contribution of employer, where the benefits of employees are calculated with consideration with things related to the salary history and employment length of the particular employee. The company manages the risk and return for the investment. Restrictions are there for withdrawing the fund without paying penalties. These plans are known as the qualified benefit plan or pension plan as the method of calculation is used to know the contribution is ahead of time. This fund is not same as the other retirement fund, where the return depends on the payout of the invested fund. Therefore, if the required returns fall short of invested amount, then the employer must make up for the difference. As the employer is answerable for taking decisions about investment and managing the investment, he presumes all the risks related to the investment (Lin et al. 2014, pp. 68-86). Factors that should be considered before investing in defined benefit plans are: How the retirement benefits are calculated: Retirement earnings under this plan are calculated based on the formula. The formula for calculating defined benefit plan is: Retirement Benefit = Length of membership x salary benefit x average service fraction x Lump-sum factor The above formula can offer for a set amount for every year of employment or specific earning percentage. The benefit can also be calculated using the average earnings of the employee during the past few years of service (Brown, Emily and Medeiros 2014). Return from the plan: Most of the defined benefit plans permit to select according to the choice of the employees that how they want their benefits to be paid. Generally, the following payment options are offered: Single life annuity: Under this method the beneficiary receives a fixed benefit per month until his death. After his death, the survivors do not get any benefit Lump-sum payment: Under this plan, the entire amount is paid in lump-sum payment. However, no further payment is made to the beneficiary or his survivors. Qualified survivor and joint annuity: Under this plan the the beneficiary gets monthly benefit until his death. After his death, his surviving spouse will receive the benefit on continuous basis, until his or her death. Selecting the right benefit plan is very crucial as the amount to be received after retirement depends on the selection of plan (Blake,Wright and Zhang 2014, pp.105-124). Advantages of defined benefit plan: A defined benefit plan focuses on the actual benefit that is to be paid out. The employer commits to pay the employee a certain amount at the time of retirement and the employer is answerable for ensuring the fact that sufficient funds are there in the fund to pay out the required amount at retirement, even if the investment portfolio does not perform as per the expectation (Munnell, Aubry and Crawford 2015, pp. 15-21). Investment choice plan: The employees who prefer the investment choice plan, they maintain an individual account for investment inclusive of personal contribution to superannuation, contribution by employer and annual segregation of profit earned on their contribution less any payment paid as management and distribution charges (Agnew 2013). Under this plan, the employees have the option of nominating the categories of portfolios or assets in which their contributions are to be invested among the following four strategies: Stable Fund: Primarily it includes bond securities and fixed interest with a little disclosure of overseas and domestic property and shares. Secure Fund: Australian cash and fixed interest securities. Shares Fund: Investment solely in overseas shares and domestic shares. Trustees Selection Fund: It includes balanced fund of overseas and domestic shares, assets, property and infrastructure and private equity investments (Kristjanpoller and Olson 2015, pp.293-314). Factors that should be considered before investing in investment choice options: The reward for taking risk, while investing, is the probability of getting higher return. If the investor has long term plan for his investment, then he can earn high return with careful planning. High risk involved investment options like Bonds, stocks can be opted for long-term goals. On the contrary, choosing only cash as investment option is perfect for meeting short-term goals (Nguyen,Gallery and Newton 2016, pp. 3-22). Considering appropriate mix for investment: An investor can protect himself against considerable losses through investing in various categories of assets. If one category of asset performs well, then another category perform in average or poor depending upon the condition of the market. Allocation of asset has great impact on meeting the financial goal. To get sufficient return from investment, the investor must include some high-risk associated investments (Fischer 2013). Importance of time value of money in investment: The time value of money is a crucial factor to all the investors as the value of a dollar today is more than the value of a dollar in future. The surplus dollar available in hand today can be invested and capital gains or interest can be earned on that dollar. A dollar, which is promised to be paid in future, is actually less valuable than the dollar available in hand today. Present value and future value are calculated as follows: Present value = (Expected future cash flows)/(1+ Rate of return)Number of periods Future value = Present value x (1+ Rate of return)Number of periods Impact of time value of money on defined benefit plan and investment choice plan: Under the defined benefit plan, the expected future benefit is calculated based on the formula. The formula takes into consideration the average salary of the employee, age, length of service. Time value of money is crucial for defined benefit plan as it calculates the future expected benefit of investment. Each person has some future targets in terms of financial goals. Once the targets are recognized, the targets are required to be converted into financial terms. To achieve the targets, the investor must have clear idea about the time value of money (Schmidt 2016). Under the investment choice plan, the investors are able to get return after a specified time based on his selection of investment portfolio. The investor can choose the plan as per his requirement and preference with consideration to his return expectation and risk tolerance level. The expected return cannot be calculated until the future value is calculated using the time value formula. Therefore, time value is crucial for both the defined benefit plan and investment choice plan. Under the defined benefit plan, the final benefit is calculated solely based on the formula. Therefore, no scopes are there for the performance of the portfolio. The employees from tertiary education, who selected to invest in defined benefit plan, their superannuation investment is invested in the assets solely decided by Unisuper Limited. The risk involved in the investment is solely borne by the company and the employees are not benefitted from any extra gain of the investment. On the other hand, under the investment choice plan, the investors himself has to bear the risk involved in the investment and at the same time he is eligible to get benefitted from the return achieved from the investment. Therefore, it is rightly said that, the investors who opted for defined benefit plan is sacrificing the potential gain from the investment earning and returns created in association with time value of money (Mpakaniye and Paul 2014). Retirement investment products offered by Unisuper Limited: At the retirement time, Unisuper Limited offers a wide range of options for defined benefit plans as well as investment choice plan to the investors to allocate and manage their retirement benefits. These option are as follows: Indexed pensions: It offers a regular earning that is catalogued to inflation and are payable till the death of the beneficiary and after his death it is paid to his surviving spouse and she or he will receive the benefit on continuous basis, until his or her death. Single life indexed pensions: Under this method the beneficiary receives higher earning as compared to the standard indexed plan benefit per month until his death. However, the benefit is not transferrable to his survivors after his death. Allocated pensions: It offers a continuous earning at the required level and can have access to the investors capital and various investment options in which the money can be invested. The balance benefits are allocated to the survivors after the death of the beneficiary. Roll-over options: Roll over takes place when the funds are reinvested from a matured security into a new security. The investor can opt for roll over or transfer his balance retirement fund to any other approved industry or personal investment or superannuation fund, retirement savings account or any approved deposit fund. This option is undertaken primarily to earn money for any particular purpose, for example, saving of taxes or daily trading. The benefits from roll-over varies with the various investment (Turner and Klein 2014, pp 42-54) Distribution of part-cash: A specific part of the retirement fund limited to the tax and regulatory approvals, can be withdrawn in lump sum amount that is to be utilized for personal consumption or investment purpose. As per the time value of money, the surplus fund available in hand today can be invested and capital gains or interest can be earned on that find. A dollar, which is promised to be paid in future is actually less valuable than the dollar available in hand today (Kashyap 2014, pp.106-110). With consideration to time value of money, from the above options, the best option of investment is the Roll-Over Option as the option involves investment in the long term bonds and switching over the balance fund to any other approved industry or personal investment or superannuation fund which has better prospect for return. The reasons of selecting this option for investment are: Long-term bond pays more return as compared to short-term bonds Long-term bond will rise in value over the time Example of Roll-over investment with regard to time value of money: $10,000 is to be invested for 5 years and the investment will earn 7.25% per annum compounded annually. The future value of the investment will be: Future value = Present value x (1+ Rate of return)Number of periods = $10,000 x (1.0725)5 = $14,190 approximately (Farrell 2016). Now, if the investor wants to earn $10,000 out of this amount at the return rate of 6.50% per annum compounded annually after 3 years, then the amount required to be invested today is calculated as follows: Present value = (Expected future cash flows)/(1+ Rate of return)Number of periods = $10,000/(1.0650)3 = $8,280 approximately. Therefore, out of the received amount of $14,190, the investor can keep ($14,890 - $8,280) = $6,610 and invest $8,280 at the return rate of 6.50% per annum to receive $10,000 after three years. Thus, the Roll-Over option of investment is most attractive for the investor (Mpakaniye and Paul 2014). Reference: Agnew, J., 2013. Australias retirement system: Strengths, weaknesses, and reforms.Center for Retirement Research Issue Brief, pp.13-5. Blake, D., Wright, D. and Zhang, Y., 2014. Age-dependent investing: Optimal funding and investment strategies in defined contribution pension plans when members are rational life cycle financial planners.Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control,38, pp.105-124. Brown, J.D., Emily, G. and Medeiros, J.D., 2014. Understanding the Differences Between Defined Benefit Pension And Defined Contribution. Farrell, B., 2016. Depreciation and the Time Value of Money.arXiv preprint arXiv:1605.00080. Fischer, G., 2013. Investment choice and inflation uncertainty. Kashyap, A., 2014. Capital Allocating Decisions: Time Value of Money.Asian Journal of Management,5(1), pp.106-110. Kristjanpoller, W.D. and Olson, J.E., 2015. The effect of financial knowledge and demographic variables on passive and active investment in Chile's pension plan.Journal of Pension Economics and Finance,14(03), pp.293-314. Lin, Y., Tan, K.S., Tian, R. and Yu, J., 2014. Downside risk management of a defined benefit plan considering longevity basis risk.North American Actuarial Journal,18(1), pp.68-86. Mpakaniye, D. and Paul, J., 2014. Time Value of Money.Time Value of Money (December 17, 2014). Munnell, A.H., Aubry, J.P. and Crawford, C.V., 2015. Investment returns: Defined benefit vs. defined contribution plans.Issue In Brief, (15-21). Nguyen, L., Gallery, G. and Newton, C., 2016. The Influence of Financial Risk Tolerance on Investment Decision-Making in a Financial Advice Context.Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal,10(3), pp.3-22. Schmidt, C.E., 2016. A Journey Through Time: From The Present Value To The Future Value And Back Or: Retirement Planning: A Comprehensible Application Of The Time Value Of Money Concept.Browser Download This Paper. Turner, J.A. and Klein, B.W., 2014. Retirement Savings Flows and Financial Advice: Should You Roll Over Your 401 (k) Plan?.Benefits Quarterly,30(4), pp.42-54. Unisuper.com.au. (2017). UniSuper Home Page. [online] Available at: https://www.unisuper.com.au/ [Accessed 13 Jan. 2017].